Challenges Faced By Female Professionals In The Building Industry: Evidence From Bauchi State, Nigeria

Abstract

The construction industry remains one of the most gender-segregated sectors globally, with women continuing to experience significant barriers to participation and career advancement. In Nigeria, particularly in the northern region, socio-cultural norms and workplace practices further constrain women's opportunities within the building industry. This study examined the challenges faced by female professionals in Bauchi State’s construction industry and identified strategies to enhance their participation and career progression. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, targeting female professionals, including engineers, architects, builders, quantity surveyors, and project managers operating within Bauchi metropolis. Using Yamane’s sampling formula, a sample size of 171 respondents was determined from a population of 300 professionals. A structured questionnaire was administered, yielding 160 valid responses, representing a response rate of 93.6%. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, and mean scores. The findings revealed that female professionals experience persistent barriers such as limited access to leadership positions, wage disparities, exclusion from high-profile projects, and workplace discrimination. Work–life balance challenges (Mean = 3.84) and gender discrimination in hiring and career progression (Mean = 3.79) emerged as the most significant barriers affecting women’s professional advancement. Cultural expectations and gender stereotypes were also found to exert considerable influence on women’s participation and career development within the industry. Respondents strongly supported interventions such as mentorship programmes, leadership development initiatives, gender-inclusive policies, professional networking opportunities, scholarships, and targeted educational programmes. The study contributes empirical evidence from northeastern Nigeria, where socio-cultural norms strongly influence professional participation. The findings provide practical guidance for policymakers, construction firms, professional associations, and educational institutions seeking to promote gender inclusivity in the built environment. The study concludes that addressing structural, organisational, and socio-cultural barriers is essential for improving female representation, enhancing workforce diversity, and promoting sustainable growth within the construction sector.